The United States and Thailand have officially launched a new era in energy partnership, with the Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy — commonly referred to as the “123 Agreement” — coming into force on July 9.
The agreement establishes a robust framework for collaboration in the peaceful application of nuclear technology, underlining both nations’ commitment to nuclear nonproliferation.
The deal aligns with U.S. Executive Order 14299, which promotes the deployment of advanced nuclear reactor technologies for national security and demonstrates swift action by U.S. authorities in furthering Washington’s broader energy objectives.
Under the pact, both countries are poised to benefit from enhanced cooperation in nuclear research and civil nuclear energy production. The agreement facilitates the exchange of nuclear materials, equipment — including advanced reactors — and related components and technical information.
Civil nuclear energy is seen as a critical component of national energy security and economic growth for both the United States and Thailand by delivering a dependable, domestically generated power source that helps maintain steady and consistent supplies.
Officials from both countries have emphasized that this agreement not only strengthens bilateral cooperation in energy security, but also deepens long-standing diplomatic and economic ties.
The initiative is expected to foster commercial relations between the U.S. nuclear industry and Thailand, particularly in the field of advanced reactors. Additionally, the deployment of U.S. nuclear technologies may support Thailand’s energy transition goals, while creating job opportunities on both sides.
Looking ahead, U.S. officials expressed optimism for sustained and dynamic collaboration with Thailand to develop a robust civil nuclear energy partnership.
What is a 123 Agreement?
Agreements for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation or 123 Agreements – named after Section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 – establish a legally binding framework for significant peaceful nuclear cooperation between the United States and its partners, providing a foundation for long-term, strategic civil nuclear partnerships globally. U.S. law generally requires a 123 Agreement to be in force before licensing significant exports of U.S.-origin nuclear material (e.g., nuclear reactor fuel) and equipment (e.g. nuclear reactors and major components) to another partner.
As of February 3, 2025, the United States has 25 123 Agreements covering 49 countries, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and Taiwan. The agreement with Taiwan was negotiated through the American Institute in Taiwan.
